SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Papiamento</title>

</head>

Papiamento

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Papiamento</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Papiamentu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">350,000 (2025)<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese Creole</a>

<a href="Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">Afro-Portuguese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Upper Guinea Creole<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Old Papiemento<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Papiamento</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="Papiamento_orthography" title="Papiamento orthography">Papiamento orthography</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> <a href="Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a> <a href="Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Papiamento Academy Foundation</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=353">pap</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pap" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:pap">pap</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/papi1253">papi1253</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">NE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAC-be">51-AAC-be</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Location map of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, where Papiamento is spoken</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

Papiamento (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>English: /ˌpæpiəˈmɛntoʊ, ˌpɑː-/)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008-4">[3]</a> or Papiamentu (English: /-tuː/; <a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Papiaments [ˌpaːpijaːˈmɛnts]) is a <a href="Portuguese-based_creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese-based creole language">Portuguese-based creole language</a> spoken in the <a href="Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>. It is the most widely spoken language on <a href="Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, and <a href="Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> (<a href="ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC islands</a>).<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a>

The language, spelled Papiamento in Aruba and Papiamentu in Bonaire and Curaçao, is largely based on <a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> as spoken in the 15th and 16th centuries, and has been influenced considerably by <a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan Spanish</a>. Due to <a href="Comparison_of_Portuguese_and_Spanish" title="Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish">lexical similarities between Portuguese and Spanish</a>, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact origin of some words. Though there are different theories about its origins, most linguists now believe that Papiamento emerged from the <a href="Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a> of the West African coasts,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> as it has many similarities with <a href="Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a> and <a href="Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-papia-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang2000-9">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

There are various theories about the origin and development of the Papiamento language, and precise history has not been established. Its parent language is surely <a href="West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian Romance</a>, but scholars dispute whether Papiamento was derived from Portuguese and its derived <a href="Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a> or <a href="Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">from Spanish</a>. Historical constraints, core vocabulary, and grammatical features that Papiamento shares with <a href="Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a> and <a href="Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a> are far less than those shared with Spanish, even though the Spanish and Dutch influences occurred later, from the 17th century onwards. In 1978, Jacoba Bouscholte conducted a study on the various Dutch influences in Papiamento. An example of a hybrid word is verfdó, which is a combination of a Dutch root verf (meaning 'paint') and the Portuguese and Spanish suffix -dor (used for a person who performs an action, like 'painter'). The transformation from verver to verfdó involved changing the -dor to -dó due to a linguistic process called <a href="Apocopation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocopation">apocopation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a>

The name of the language itself originates from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papia#Portuguese" class="extiw external" title="wikt:papia">papia</a>, from Portuguese and Cape Verdean and Bissau Guinean Creole <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papear#Portuguese" class="extiw external" title="wikt:papear">papear</a> ("to chat, say, speak, talk"), added by the noun-forming suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-mento#Portuguese" class="extiw external" title="wikt:-mento">-mento</a>.

Spain claimed dominion over the islands in the 15th century but made little use of them. Portuguese merchants had been trading extensively in the West Indies and with the <a href="Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> between Portugal and Spain during 1580–1640 period, their trade extended to the <a href="Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a>. In 1634, the <a href="Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (WIC) took possession of the islands, deporting most of the small remaining <a href="Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> and Spanish population to the continent (mostly to the Venezuelan west coast and the Venezuelan plains, as well as all the way east to the Venezuela Orinoco basin and Trinidad), and turned them into the hub of the Dutch slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean.

The first evidence of widespread use of Papiamento in Aruba and Curaçao can be seen in official documents in the early 18th century. In the 19th century, most materials in the islands were written in Papiamento including <a href="Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> school books and hymnals. In 1837, the Catecismo Corticu pa uso di catolicanan di Curaçao (Brief Catechism for use by Catholics) was printed, the first printed book in Papiamento. In 2009 the Catecismo Corticu was added to the <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="Memory_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory of the World">Memory of the World</a> register.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The first Papiamento newspaper was published in 1871 and was called Civilisadó (The Civilizer).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_development_theory">Local development theory</h3></div>

One local development theory proposes that Papiamento developed in the Caribbean from an original Portuguese-African <a href="Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a>, with later Dutch and Spanish (and even some Arawak) influences.

Another theory is that Papiamento first evolved from the use in the region since 1499 of 'lenguas' and the first repopulation of the ABC Islands by the Spanish by the Cédula real decreed in November 1525 in which Juan Martinez de Ampués, factor of <a href="Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, had been granted the right to repopulate the depopulated Islas inútiles of Oroba, Islas de los Gigantes, and Buon Aire.

The evolution of Papiamento continued under the Dutch colonisation under the influence of 16th-century Dutch, Portuguese (Brazilian) and Native American languages (Arawak and Taíno), with the second repopulation of the ABC islands with immigrants who arrived from the ex-Dutch Brazilian colonies.

The Judaeo-Portuguese population of the ABC islands increased substantially after 1654, when the Portuguese recovered the <a href="Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch-held territories in Northeast</a> <a href="Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a>, causing most Portuguese-speaking Jews and their Portuguese-speaking Dutch allies and Dutch-speaking Portuguese Brazilian allies in those lands to flee from religious persecution. The precise role of <a href="Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> in the early development is unclear, but <a href="Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> certainly played a prominent role in the later development of Papiamento. Many early residents of Curaçao were Sephardic Jews from Portugal, Spain, Cape Verde or Portuguese Brazil. Also, after the <a href="Eighty_Years'_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, a group of Sephardic Jews immigrated from <a href="Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. Therefore, it can be assumed that <a href="Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a> was brought to the island of Curaçao, where it gradually spread to other parts of the community. The Jewish community became the prime merchants and traders in the area and so business and everyday trading was conducted in Papiamento. While various nations owned the island, and official languages changed with ownership, Papiamento became the constant language of the residents.

When the Netherlands opened economic ties with Spanish colonies in what are now Venezuela and Colombia in the 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-Putte-12">[11]</a>

students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish, and Spanish began to influence the creole language.<a href="#cite_note-papia-8">[7]</a>

Since there was a continuous Latinisation process (Hoetink, 1987), even the elite Dutch-Protestant settlers eventually communicated better in Spanish than in Dutch, as a wealth of local Spanish-language publications in the 19th century testify.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_and_African_origin_theory">European and African origin theory</h3></div>

According to the European and African origin theory the origins of Papiamento lie in the Afro-Portuguese creoles that arose in the 16th century in the west coast of Africa and in the <a href="Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Portuguese Cape Verde</a> islands. From the 16th to the late 17th centuries, most of the slaves taken to the Caribbean came from Portuguese <a href="Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">trading posts</a> (feitorias, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> factories) in those regions. Around those ports, several Portuguese-African pidgin and creole languages developed, such as <a href="Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a>, <a href="Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a>, <a href="Angolar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolar language">Angolar</a>, and <a href="Forro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Forro language">Forro</a> (from São Tomé).<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The sister languages bear strong resemblance with Papiamento. According to this theory, Papiamento was derived from one or more of these older creoles or their predecessors, which were brought to the ABC islands by enslaved Africans and European traders from Cape Verde and West Africa. Later becoming the lingua franca between the various ethnic and religious groups of the islands.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a>

The similarity between Papiamento and the other Afro-Portuguese creoles can be seen in the same pronouns used, mi, bo, el, nos, bos(o), being Portuguese-based.

Afro-Portuguese creoles often have a shift from "v" to "b" and from "o" to "u": bientu (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> wind), instead of viento. In creole and also in Spanish, ⟨v⟩ and ⟨b⟩ are pronounced the same. In creole, it is also written as a ⟨b⟩. Just as in Portuguese, an unaccented final ⟨o⟩ is pronounced as /u/.

Guene was the name given to four languages spoken by Africans on Western Curaçaoan plantations of <a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantashi_Kenepa" class="extiw external" title="pap:Plantashi Kenepa">Kenepa</a>, Sabaneta, Lagun and Porto Marí.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The name derives from "Guinea" or "Geni", but that does not give much clear indication of African origin, because this name referred to different areas in West Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries. There were possibly hundreds of Guene work songs used to make work lighter, organize work rhythms, guide task execution through instructions, and comment on work situations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinus1996-16">[15]</a> Guene influence still exists in current Papiamentu in several domains.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Difficulties in understanding its relevance today lies in how to distinguish between Guene and non-Guene contributions from African languages, what role the language(s) had in shaping non-linguistic cultural materials (such as hierarchical relationships, solidarity networks, relations to the ancestors, knowledge of soil types) and how this has been re-encoded into what we know today as Papiamentu.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_and_historical_ties_with_Upper_Guinea_Portuguese_Creole">Linguistic and historical ties with Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole</h3></div>

Since the late 1990s, research has been done that shines light on the ties between Papiamento and Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinus1996-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuint2000-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2008-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009b-21">[20]</a> focus specifically on the linguistic and historical relationships with the Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole, as spoken on the Santiago island of Cape Verde and in Guinea-Bissau and Casamance.

In Bart Jacob's study The Upper Guinea Origins of Papiamento<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a-20">[19]</a> he defends the hypothesis that Papiamento is a <a href="Relexification" title="Relexification">relexified</a> offshoot of an early Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole variety that was transferred from Senegambia to Curaçao in the second half of the 17th century, when the Dutch controlled the island of <a href="Gor%C3%A9e" title="Gorée">Gorée</a>, a slave trading stronghold off the coast of <a href="Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. The Creole was used for communication among slaves and between slaves and slave holders.

On Curaçao, this variety underwent internal changes as well as contact-induced changes at all levels of the grammar, but particularly in the lexicon, due to contact with Spanish and, to a lesser extent, Dutch. Despite the changes, the morphosyntactic framework of Papiamento is still remarkably close to that of the Upper Guinea Creoles of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau. Parallels have also been identified between the development of Papiamento and <a href="Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewulf2018-22">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_status">Present status</h3></div>

Papiamento is spoken in all aspects of society throughout <a href="Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>.

Papiamento has been an official language of <a href="Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> since May 2003.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiggeLégliseBartens2010268-23">[22]</a> In the former <a href="Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, Papiamento was made an official language on 7 March 2007.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> After the <a href="Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles">dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles</a> on 10 October 2010, Papiamento's official status was confirmed in the newly formed <a href="Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Also, 150,000 Antillians (mostly from Curaçao) live in the Netherlands and speak their mother language, Papiamento, fluently. Some Papiamento is also spoken on <a href="Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> and the <a href="Paraguan%C3%A1_Peninsula" title="Paraguaná Peninsula">Paraguaná Peninsula</a> of <a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.

<a href="Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan Spanish</a> and <a href="American_English" title="American English">American English</a> are constant influences today. <a href="Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a> and <a href="Lexical_borrowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical borrowing">lexical borrowing</a> from Spanish, Dutch and English among native speakers is common. This is considered as a threat to the development of the language because of the loss of the authentic and Creole "feel" of Papiamento.

Many immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean choose to learn Papiamento because it is more practical in daily life on the islands. For Spanish-speakers, it is easier to learn than Dutch, because Papiamento uses many Spanish and Portuguese words.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a>

The first <a href="Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in Papiamento, adapted by Carel De Haseth from his novel Katibu di Shon, was performed at the <a href="Stadsschouwburg" title="Stadsschouwburg">Stadsschouwburg</a> in Amsterdam on 1 July 2013, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ending of slavery in the Dutch Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Papiamento_texts">Old Papiamento texts</h3></div>

The Papiamento language originates from about 1650. The oldest Papiamento texts that have been preserved are written letters. In the following three letters it can be seen that the words changed and the spelling became closer to the Dutch spelling. Although some words are no longer in use, the basis of Papiamento did not change much.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piter_May_letter_1775">Piter May letter 1775</h4></div>

The oldest letter dates from 1775.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> It was sent by the <a href="Sephardic_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Jew">Sephardic Jew</a> Abraham Andrade to his mistress Sarah Vaz Parro, about a family meeting in the centre of Curaçao.

<th>Old Papiamento

</th>

</td>

<th>Modern Papiamento

</th>

</td>

<th>English

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

Piter May the ora ky boso a biny.

My a topa tio la, ku Sara meme.

Nan taba biny Punta.

My Dusie, bo pay a manda bo ruman Aronchy, ku Tony & Merca koge na kamina dy Piter May.

Es nigrita Antunyca & nan a ybel tras dy forty, & nan a manda sutel guatapana.

Mas my no saby pa ky razon.

Sy bo saby, manda gabla, ku my Dios pagabo.

Bida, manda gabla ku my, kico Bechy a biny busca na Punta & borbe bay asina presto.

</td>

<td>

Mi tabata na Pietermaai te ora ku boso a bini.

Mi a topa tio aya, ku Sara meimei.

Nan tabata bini na Punda.

Mi dushi, bo pai a manda bo ruman Aronchy, ku Tony i Merka kohe na kaminda di Pietermaai.

E negrita Antunika... nan a hib'é tras di fòrti, i nan a manda sut'é na e watapana.

Pero mi no sabi pa ki rason.

Si bo sabi, manda palabra, ku mi Dios ta bai pagabo.

Mi Bida, manda palabra ku mi, kiko Becky a bini buska na Punda, i bolbe bai asina lihé.

</td>

<td>

I was in Pietermaai until the time you came.

I met uncle there, and Sara halfway.

They were coming to Punda.

My sweetheart, your father sent your brother Aronchy, and Tony and Merka went on their way to Pietermaai.

That negress Antunika... they brought her behind the fort, sent to be whipped at the divi-divi tree.

But I don't know for what reason.

If you know, send me a message, and my God will reward you.

My Life, send me a word what Becky came looking for in Punda, and then return as quickly.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boo_Jantje_letter_1783">Boo Jantje letter 1783</h4></div>

The next letter dates from 1783 and was recently discovered in an English archive.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> It was sent by Anna Charje in the name of her baby Jantje Boufet to her husband Dirk Schermer in Rotterdam. (The final sentence is standard Dutch.)

<th>Old Papiamento

</th>

</td>

<th>Modern Papiamento

</th>

</td>

<th>English

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

Mi papa, bieda die mi Courasson, bieni prees toe seeka bo joego doesje.

Mi mama ta warda boo, mie jora toer dieja pa mie papa.

Coemda Mie groot mama pa mie, ie mie tante nan toer.

Papa doesje, treese oen boenieta sonbreer pa boo Jantje.

Adjoos mie papa, bieda die mi Courasson.

Djoos naa boo saloer, pa mie i pa mie mama.

Mie groot mama ta manda koemenda boo moetje moetje.

Mie ta bo joego Doeje toe na mortoo.

Dit heeft uw Jantje geschreeven, nogmals adjoos, vart wel.

</td>

<td>

Mi papa, bida di mi kurason, bini lihé serka bo yu dushi.

Mi mama ta warda bo, mi ta yora tur dia pa mi papa.

Kumindá mi wela pa mi, i mi tantanan tur.

Papa dushi, trese un bunita sombré pa bo Jantje.

Ayó mi papa, bida di mi kurason.

Dios duna bo salú, pa mi i pa mi mama.

Mi wela ta manda kumindá bo muchu muchu.

Mi ta bo yu dushi te na morto.

Dit heeft uw Jantje geschreven, nogmaals adios, vaarwel.

</td>

<td>

My father, life of my heart, come quickly close to your sweet son.

My mother awaits you, I cry all day for my father.

Greet my grandmother for me, and all my aunts.

Dear father, bring a nice hat for your Jantje.

Goodbye my father, life of my heart.

May God give you health, from me and from my mother.

Send my grandmother many many greetings.

I am your sweet son until death.

This is written by your Jantje, once again adios, goodbye.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quant_Court_affidavit_1803">Quant Court affidavit 1803</h4></div>

The third text dates from 1803.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> It is an <a href="Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> (written testimony for use in a court of law as evidence) signed by 26 Aruban farm workers to support their supervisor Pieter Specht against false accusations by landowner B.G. Quant.

<th>Old Papiamento

</th>

</td>

<th>Modern Papiamento

</th>

</td>

<th>English

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

Noos ta firma por la berdad, y para serbir na teenpoe qui lo llega die moosteer.

Qui des die teempoe koe Señor B.G. Quant ta poner, na serbisje die tera...

Ta maltrata noos comandeur Pieter Specht pa toer soorto die koos.

Y seemper el dho Quant ta precura die entreponeel deen toer gobierno die comandeur.

Por ees motibo, noos ta esprimenta koe eel ta causa die toer disunion.

</td>

<td>

Nos ta firma pa e berdad y pa sirbi den e tempo aki lo yega di mester.

Cu di e tempo e cu señor B.G. Quant ta pone, na servicio di e tera...

Ta maltrata nos commandeur Pieter Specht pa tur sorto di cos.

Y semper el señor Quandt ta percura di entremete den tur gobierno di commandeur.

Pa e motibo, nos ta experencia cu el ta causa di tur desunion.

</td>

<td>

We sign for the truth and to serve the coming time if necessary.

About our time with B.G. Quant we declare, we were employed in land cultivation...

He always mistreated our commander Pieter Specht for all sort of things.

And always mister Quant interfered with all instructions of the commander.

For that reason, we declare that he caused all the discord.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography_and_spelling">Orthography and spelling</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Papiamento_orthography" title="Papiamento orthography">Papiamento orthography</a></div>

Papiamento is written using the <a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>.

Since the 1970s, two different orthographies have been developed and adopted. In 1976, Curaçao and Bonaire officially adopted the Römer-Maduro-Jonis version, a phonetic spelling. In 1977, Aruba approved a more <a href="Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>-based spelling, presented by the Comision di Ortografia (Orthography Commission), presided by Jossy Mansur.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_dialects">Distribution and dialects</h2></div>

Papiamento is primarily spoken on the <a href="ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC Islands</a> and to a lesser extent by the <a href="Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a> diaspora,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> namely in the Netherlands. Papiamento is also spoken by a smaller number of speakers in Sint Maarten,<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Saba and Sint Eustatius.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> An earlier, now-extinct form of Papiamento was formerly spoken on the Paraguana peninsula of Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a>

There are two main dialects of Papiamento, the dialect of <a href="Languages_of_Aruba" title="Languages of Aruba">Aruba</a> (Papiamento) and the dialect of <a href="Languages_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="Languages_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bonaire">Bonaire</a> (Papiamentu), with lexical and intonational differences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKookNarain1993-36">[35]</a> There are also minor differences between Curaçao and Bonaire.

The most apparent difference between the two dialects is given away in the name difference. Whereas Bonaire and Curaçao opted for a phonology-based spelling, Aruba uses an etymology-based spelling. Many words in Aruba end with "o" while the same word ends with "u" in Bonaire and Curaçao. And even in Curaçao, the use of the u-ending is still more pronounced among the Sephardic Jewish population. Similarly, the use of "k" in Bonaire and Curaçao replaces "c" in Aruba.

For example:

<th scope="col">English

</th>

<th>Curaçao and Bonaire

</th>

<th>Aruba

</th>

<th scope="col">Portuguese

</th>

<th scope="col">Spanish

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Lead (metal)

</th>

<td>Chumbu

</td>

<td>Chumbo

</td>

<td>Chumbo

</td>

<td>Plomo

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Stick

</th>

<td>Palu

</td>

<td>Palo

</td>

<td>Pau

</td>

<td>Palo

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">House

</th>

<td>Kas

</td>

<td>Cas

</td>

<td>Casa

</td>

<td>Casa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Knife

</th>

<td>Kuchú

</td>

<td>Cuchiu

</td>

<td>Faca (Cutelo, Cultro)

</td>

<td>Cuchillo

</td></tr></tbody></table>

In the past, certain rural areas of Aruba and Curaçao featured the <a href="Guttural_R" title="Guttural R">guttural R</a> (a feature common in French) or omitted the letter S at the end of words (a feature common in <a href="Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean Spanish</a>). However it is likely many of these rural features have either disappeared over time or are used by few speakers today.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_and_diphthongs">Vowels and diphthongs</h3></div>

Papiamento <a href="Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a> are based on Ibero-Romance and Dutch vowels. Papiamento has the following nine vowels:<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a>

<th colspan="4">Vowels

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Curaçao and Bonaire</th>

<th>Aruba</th>

<th>English

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>walk

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>e in efekto</td>

<td>e in efecto</td>

<td>effect

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>è in balèt</td>

<td>e in ballet</td>

<td>ballet

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>e in appel</td>

<td>apple

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>i in chikí</td>

<td>i in chikito</td>

<td>small

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>work

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ò in ònbeskòp</td>

<td>o in onbeschoft</td>

<td>impolite

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>u in kunuku</td>

<td>u in cunucu</td>

<td>farm

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>bridge

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Papiamento has <a href="Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, two vowels in a single syllable that form one sound.

Papiamento diphthongs are based on Ibero-Romance and Dutch diphthongs. It has the following diphthongs:

<th colspan="3">Diphthongs

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Papiamento</th>

<th>English

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>ai in baile</td>

<td>dance

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>au in fauna</td>

<td>fauna

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>that

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ei in prijs</td>

<td>price

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>far

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>join

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>oi in morocoy</td>

<td>tortoise

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>down

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>thumb

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress_and_accent">Stress and accent</h3></div>

Stress is very important in Papiamento. Many words have a very different meaning when a different stress is used:

<ul><li>When both syllables are equally stressed, kome, it means "to eat".</li>

<li>When the first syllable is stressed, kome, it means "eat!" (imperative).</li>

<li>However, kom'é (short for kome é) means "eat it!"</li></ul>

There are general rules for the stress and accent but also a great many exceptions.

When a word deviates from the rules, the stressed vowel is indicated by an acute accent ( ´ ), but it is often omitted in casual writing.

The main rules are:<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a>

<ul><li>When a noun ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), the stress is placed upon the penultimate (before last) syllable: buriku ("donkey").</li>

<li>When a noun ends in a consonant, the stress is placed upon the last syllable: hospital.</li>

<li>When a verb has two syllables, the syllables are about equally stressed: sòru ("to care"), falta ("to lack").</li>

<li>When a verb has more than two syllables, the stress is laid upon the last syllable: kontestá ("to answer"), primintí ("to promise").</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3></div>

Most of the vocabulary is derived from Portuguese and

derived Portuguese-based creoles and (Early Modern) Spanish. Most of the remaining vocabulary derives from Dutch. The real origin is usually difficult to tell because the two Iberian languages are very similar, and adaptations were made in Papiamento. A <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Papiamento_Swadesh_list" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Papiamento Swadesh list">list of 200 basic Papiamento words</a> can be found in the standard <a href="Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a>, with etymological reference to the language of origin. There is a remarkable similarity between words in Papiamento, Cape Verdean Creole, and Guinea-Bissau Creole, which all belong to the same language family of the <a href="Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Upper Guinea Creoles</a>. Most of the words can be connected with their Portuguese origin.

Linguistic studies have shown that roughly 80% of the words in Papiamento's present vocabulary are of <a href="Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> origin, 20% are of Dutch origin, and some of Native American or African origin. A study by Van Buurt and Joubert inventoried the words of Taíno and <a href="Caquet%C3%ADo_language" title="Caquetío language">Caquetío</a> Arawak origin, mostly words for plants and animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_BuurtJoubert1997-39">[38]</a> Arawak is an extinct language that was spoken by Indigenous people throughout the Caribbean. The Arawak words were re-introduced in Papiamento by borrowing from the Spanish dialect of Venezuela<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Some research indicates that some Papiamento vocabulary may derive from English and Caribbean English Creoles, such as <a href="Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> There is also an English influence on Papiamento grammar.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a>

Many words are of Iberian origin, and it is impossible to label them as either Portuguese or Spanish:

<ul><li>por fabor ("please") – Portuguese: por favor – Spanish: por favor</li>

<li>señora ("madam") – Portuguese: senhora – Spanish: señora</li>

<li>kua ("which") – Portuguese: qual – Spanish: cuál</li>

<li>kuantu ("how much") – Portuguese: quanto – Spanish: cuánto</li></ul>

While the presence of word-final /u/ can easily be traced to Portuguese, the <a href="Diphthongisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongisation">diphthongisation</a> of some vowels is characteristic of Spanish. The use of /b/, rather than /v/, descends from its pronunciation in the dialects of northern Portugal as well as of <a href="Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a>. Also, a sound shift may have occurred in the direction of Spanish, whose influence on Papiamento came later than that of Portuguese: subrino ("nephew"): sobrinho in Portuguese, sobrino in Spanish. The pronunciation of o as /u/ is certainly Portuguese, but the use of n instead of nh (/ɲ/) in the ending -no is from Spanish.

Few Portuguese words come directly from Portuguese, but most come via the Portuguese-based creole; in the examples below, the Cape Verdean Creole equivalents are borboléta, katchor, prétu and fórsa.

Portuguese-origin words:

<ul><li>barbulètè ("butterfly") – Portuguese: borboleta</li>

<li>kachó ("dog") – Portuguese: cachorro</li>

<li>pretu ("black") – Portuguese: preto</li>

<li>forsa ("power") – Portuguese: força</li></ul>

Spanish-origin words:

<ul><li>siudat ("city") – Spanish: ciudad</li>

<li>sombré ("hat") – Spanish: sombrero</li>

<li>karson ("trousers") – Spanish: calzón</li>

<li>hòmber ("man") – Spanish: hombre</li></ul>

Dutch-origin words:

<ul><li>apel ("apple") – Dutch: appel</li>

<li>buki ("book") – Dutch: boek</li>

<li>lesa ("to read") – Dutch: lezen</li>

<li>mart ("March") – Dutch: maart</li></ul>

English-origin words:

<ul><li>bèk – English: back</li>

<li>bòter – English: bottle</li>

<li>beisbòl - English: baseball</li>

<li>baiskel – English: bicycle</li></ul>

African-origin words:

<ul><li>pinda ("peanut") – Kongo: mpinda</li>

<li>makamba ("Dutch person") – Bantu: ma-kamba</li>

<li>yongotá ("to kneel") – Wolof: djongotó</li>

<li>maribomba ("wasp") – Bantu: ma-rimbondo</li></ul>

Native American-origin words:

<ul><li>orkan ("hurricane") – Taíno: juracán</li>

<li>maishi ("corn") – Taíno: mahíz</li>

<li>kunuku ("farm") – Taíno: conuco</li>

<li>mahos ("ugly") – Arawak: muhusu</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_culture">Literature and culture</h2></div>

Aruba and Bonaire's national anthems are in Papiamento, "<a href="Aruba_Dushi_Tera" title="Aruba Dushi Tera">Aruba Dushi Tera</a>" and "<a href="Tera_di_Solo_y_suave_biento" title="Tera di Solo y suave biento">Tera di Solo y suave biento</a>" respectively. The newspaper <a href="Diario_(Aruba)" title="Diario (Aruba)">Diario</a> is also in the language.

The 2013 films <a href="Abo_So" title="Abo So">Abo So</a> (Aruba) and <a href="Sensei_Redenshon" title="Sensei Redenshon">Sensei Redenshon</a> (Curaçao) were the first <a href="Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature films</a> in Papiamento; the comedy <a href="Bon_Bini_Holland" title="Bon Bini Holland">Bon Bini Holland</a> (Curaçao and Netherlands) also contains some Papiamento.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phrase_and_word_samples">Phrase and word samples</h3></div>

<ul><li>Kon ta bai? (How are you?) – Portuguese: Como vai?</li>

<li>Kon ta k'e bida? (How is life?) – Spanish: ¿Cómo te va la vida? – Portuguese: Como está a vida?</li>

<li>Por fabor (please) – Spanish: Por favor – Portuguese: Por favor</li>

<li>Danki (Thank you) – Dutch: Dank je</li>

<li>Ainda no (Not yet) – Portuguese: Ainda não</li>

<li>Bo mama ta mashá bunita (Your mother is very beautiful) – Portuguese: Vossa mãe é muito bonita</li>

<li>Na epoka di mi añanan eskolar (During my school years) – Portuguese: Na época dos meus anos escolares</li>

<li>Bati boka (Argue) – Portuguese: Bate boca</li>

<li>Bringa (Fight) – Portuguese: Briga</li>

<li>Bon (Good) – Portuguese: Bom</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressions">Expressions</h3></div>

<ul><li>Hopi skuma, tiki chukulati (A lot of foam, little chocolate): Too good to be true.</li>

<li>Einan e porko su rabo ta krul (That is where the pig's tail curls): That is where the problem lies.</li>

<li>Sopi pura ta sali salo (Quick soup turns salty): Good things take time.</li>

<li>E ke bula ku ala di manteka (He wants to fly with wings of butter): He wants to do more than he can handle.</li>

<li>Ora dia ta serka di habri, nochi ta mas skur (Just before dawn, the night is darkest): When need is greatest, salvation is near.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lord's_Prayer">Lord's Prayer</h3></div>

The <a href="Lord's_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in a register of Papiamento used <a href="Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgically</a> by the <a href="Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, compared with Spanish, Portuguese, and <a href="King_James_English" class="mw-redirect" title="King James English">King James English</a>:<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a>

<th>Papiamento

</th>

<th>Spanish

</th>

<th>Portuguese

</th>

<th>English

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="plainlist"><div title="Papiamento-language text"><div lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">

<li>cu ta na shelo,</li>

<li>bo Nomber sea santifica,</li>

<li>laga bo Reino bini na nos.</li>

<li>Bo boluntad sea hasi na terra como na shelo.</li>

<li>y pordona nos nos debe,</li>

<li>mescos cu nos ta pordona nos debedornan.</li>

<li>Y no laga nos cai den tentacion,</li>

<li>ma libra nos di malo.</li>

</div>

</td>

<td>

<ul><li>Padre nuestro,</li>

<li>que estás en el cielo.</li>

<li>Santificado sea tu nombre.</li>

<li>Venga tu reino.</li>

<li>Hágase tu voluntad en la tierra como en el cielo.</li>

<li>Danos hoy nuestro pan de cada día.</li>

<li>Perdona nuestras ofensas,</li>

<li>como también nosotros perdonamos a los que nos ofenden.</li>

<li>No nos dejes caer en tentación</li>

<li>y líbranos del mal.</li>

</div>

</td>

<td>

<ul><li>Pai nosso,</li>

<li>que estais nos céus</li>

<li>Santificado seja o vosso nome.</li>

<li>Venha a nós o vosso Reino;</li>

<li>seja feita a vossa vontade, assim na terra como no céu.</li>

<li>O pão nosso de cada dia nos dai hoje.</li>

<li>Perdoai as nossas ofensas,</li>

<li>assim como perdoamos a quem nos tem ofendido.</li>

<li>E não nos deixeis cair em tentação,</li>

<li>mas livrai-nos do mal.</li>

</div>

</td>

<td>

<ul><li>Our Father,</li>

<li>who art in Heaven,</li>

<li>hallowed be Thy name.</li>

<li>Thy kingdom come.</li>

<li>Thy will be done on Earth as it is in Heaven.</li>

<li>Give us this day our daily bread,</li>

<li>and forgive our trespasses,</li>

<li>as we forgive those who trespass against us.</li>

<li>And lead us not into temptation,</li>

<li>but deliver us from the evil one.</li>

</div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_vocabularies">Comparison of vocabularies</h2></div>

This section provides a comparison of the vocabularies of Papiamento, Portuguese, and the Portuguese creoles of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. Spanish is shown for the contrast.

<th><a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>

</th>

<th>Curaçao and Bonaire

</th>

<th>Aruba

</th>

<th><a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Welcome</td>

<td>Bem vindo</td>

<td>Ben-vindu</td>

<td>Bienvenido

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Good morning</td>

<td>Buen día - Buenos días

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Thank you</td>

<td>Danki</td>

<td>Obrigado</td>

<td>Obrigadu</td>

<td>Gracias

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>¿Cómo estás? - ¿Cómo vás?

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mashá bon</td>

<td>Masha bon</td>

<td>Muito bem, Muito bom</td>

<td>Muitu bon</td>

<td>Muy bien - Muy bueno

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Estou bem</td>

<td>Estoy bien

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Yo

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Yo soy

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tenha um bom dia</td>

<td>Pasa un buen día

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>See you later</td>

<td>Te aweró</td>

<td>Te aworo</td>

<td>Hasta luego

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kuminda</td>

<td>Cuminda</td>

<td>Comida</td>

<td>Kumida</td>

<td>Comida

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Bread</td>

<td>Pan

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Ainda no</td>

<td>Ainda não</td>

<td>Aún no

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>I like Curaçao</td>

<td>Mi gusta Kòrsou</td>

<td>Mi gusta Corsou</td>

<td>Eu gosto de Coração</td>

<td>N gosta di Curaçao</td>

<td>Me gusta Curazao

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang language</a> (Papia Kristang, Malaccan Creole Portuguese)</li>

<li><a href="Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole language</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Monogenetic_theory_of_pidgins" title="Monogenetic theory of pidgins">Monogenetic theory of pidgins</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Joceline_Clemencia" title="Joceline Clemencia">Joceline Clemencia</a></li>

<li><a href="Judaeo-Papiamento" title="Judaeo-Papiamento">Judaeo-Papiamento</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Papiamento can be used in relations with the Dutch government.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-e25-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/pap">Papiamento</a> at <a href="Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed., 2022) <a href="Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"></a>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/tekst_bevat_taal%2Bin%2Bhet%2Bbestuurlijk%2Bverkeer/geldigheidsdatum_01-01-2011">"Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba"</a> (in Dutch). wetten.nl. Retrieved 1 January 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells2008">Wells 2008</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435">"Language and education in The Caribbean Netherlands"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFQuint2011" class="citation web cs1">Quint, Nicolas (8 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sorosoro.org/en/2015/09/from-west-africa-to-the-antilles-dynamic-portuguese-creoles/">"From West Africa to the Antilles, Dynamic Portuguese Creoles"</a>. Sorosoro. Retrieved 19 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJacobs2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Bart (9 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/dia.26.3.02jac">"The Upper Guinea origins of Papiamentu: Linguistic and historical evidence"</a>. Diachronica. 26 (3): 319–379. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.26.3.02jac">10.1075/dia.26.3.02jac</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0176-4225">0176-4225</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-papia-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-papia_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-papia_8-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRomero2010" class="citation news cs1">Romero, Simon (5 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/world/americas/05curacao.html">"Willemstad Journal: A Language Thrives in Its Caribbean Home"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang2000-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang2000_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang2000">Lang 2000</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBouscholte1978" class="citation thesis cs1">Bouscholte, Jacoba Elisabeth (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0094428">Certain Aspects of the Dutch Influence on Papiamentu</a> (MA thesis). University of British Columbia. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0094428">10.14288/1.0094428</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2429%2F21045">2429/21045</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-3/first-catechism-written-in-papiamentu-language/">"First Catechism Written in Papiamentu Language"</a>. UNESCO. Retrieved 19 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFvan_Putte1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Putte, Florimon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35221185">Dede pikiña ku su bisiña; Papiamentu – Nederlands en de onverwerkt verleden tijd</a> (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg pers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9057300745</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaptista2011" class="citation journal cs1">Baptista, Marlyse (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/canadian_journal_of_linguistics/v056/56.1.baptista.html">"On the development of verbal and nominal morphology in four lusophone creoles"</a>. The Canadian Journal of Linguistics. 56 (1): 7–35. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcjl.2011.0006">10.1353/cjl.2011.0006</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1710-1115">1710-1115</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTodd_Dandaré2014" class="citation book cs1">Todd Dandaré, Ramon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/BNA-DIG-ARTICULO-TODDDANDARE-2014">Emancipation of the Papiamentu Language : from language of the slaves to language of the future</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Paul Brenneker – Curacaoensia (Augustinus 1961)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinus1996-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinus1996_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinus1996_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartinus1996">Martinus 1996</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAnsano" class="citation journal cs1">Ansano, Richenel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14273375">"Malungo, praise names and places: how dead can a language really be?"</a>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuint2000-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuint2000_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuint2000">Quint 2000</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2008-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2008_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs2008">Jacobs 2008</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs2009a">Jacobs 2009a</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009b-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009b_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs2009b">Jacobs 2009b</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewulf2018-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewulf2018_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDewulf2018">Dewulf 2018</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiggeLégliseBartens2010268-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiggeLégliseBartens2010268_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiggeLégliseBartens2010">Migge, Léglise & Bartens 2010</a>, p. 268.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302090139/http://www.nieuws.leidenuniv.nl:80/index.php3?m=&c=1478">"Papiaments officieel erkend"</a>. Universiteit Leiden (in Dutch). 13 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nieuws.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=&c=1478">the original</a> on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028827/2010-10-14">Tijdelijke wet officiële talen BES</a> (in Dutch) – via Overheid.nl. <q>Artikel 2: De officiële talen zijn het Engels, het Nederlands en het Papiamento. (English: Article 2: The official languages are English, Dutch and Papiamento)</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSanchezn.d." class="citation web cs1">Sanchez, Tara (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/papiamentu.html">"Papiamentu"</a>. Language Varieties. Retrieved 19 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007153451/http://repeatingislands.com/2013/07/08/first-opera-in-papiamentu-katibu-di-shon/">"First Opera in Papiamentu: Katibu di Shon"</a>. Repeating Islands. 8 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repeatingislands.com/2013/07/08/first-opera-in-papiamentu-katibu-di-shon/">the original</a> on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLobo2013" class="citation web cs1">Lobo, Jairo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/katibu-di-shon-is-an-unmistakable-enrichment-of-our-cultural-heritage/">"Katibu di Shon is an Unmistakable Enrichment of Our Cultural Heritage"</a>. Caraïbisch uitzicht. Werkgroep Caraïbische letteren. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJonesn.d." class="citation cs2">Jones, Addam Amauri (n.d.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26146474">Identity via Papiamentu: From Marginalization to Language of Instruction</a>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.3774.7441">10.13140/RG.2.1.3774.7441</a> – via Academia.edu</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJacobsvan_der_Wal2015" class="citation cs1">Jacobs, Bart; van der Wal, Marijke (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274738994">The Discovery, Nature, and Implications of a Papiamentu Text Fragment from 1783</a> (Proof version) – via ResearchGate.</cite> (final version published in <cite id="CITEREFJacobsvan_der_Wal2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Bart; van der Wal, Marijke J. (2015). "The Discovery, Nature, and Implications of a Papiamentu Text Fragment from 1783". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 30 (1): 44–62. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.30.1.02jac">10.1075/jpcl.30.1.02jac</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F43140">1887/43140</a>.</cite>)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNicolaas2016" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nicolaas, Quito (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.nl/112806198-Quito-nicolaas-26-maart-2016.html">Papiamento: de emancipatie van een creoolse taal</a> (Slide deck) (in Dutch) – via Docplayer.nl</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/papiamentu.html#:~:text=Papiamentu&text=Papiamentu%20is%20spoken%20on%20the,mainland%20populated%20these%20islands%20first.">"Papiamentu"</a>. www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 16 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-martin/">"Saint Martin"</a>, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 25 November 2024, retrieved 16 December 2024</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNetherlands2019" class="citation web cs1">Netherlands, Statistics (4 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/figures/detail/82867ENG">"Caribbean Netherlands; Spoken languages and main language, characteristics"</a>. Statistics Netherlands. Retrieved 16 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010642360:mpeg21:a0199">"CONCLUSIE"</a>. Amigoe (in Dutch). 20 January 1990. Retrieved 16 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKookNarain1993-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKookNarain1993_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKookNarain1993">Kook & Narain 1993</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Maurer, Philippe (1990). "Die Verschriftung des Papiamento". In "Zum Stand der Kodifizierung romanischer Kleinsprachen". Gunter Narr Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3823341995</bdi>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFGoilo2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Goilo, Enrique R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PapiamentuTextbook/mode/2up?view=theater">Papiamento Textbook</a> (in English and Papiamento). Oranjestad: De Wit Stores. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9990481032</bdi>. Retrieved 8 January 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_BuurtJoubert1997-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BuurtJoubert1997_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_BuurtJoubert1997">van Buurt & Joubert 1997</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> (in Spanish) Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2010). "Diccionario de Americanismos". Lima

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWood1971" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Richard (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41970183">"The English Loanwords in Papiamentu"</a>. Nieuwe West-Indische Gids / New West Indian Guide. 48 (2/3): 173–189. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134360-90002217">10.1163/22134360-90002217</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41970183">41970183</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~tsanchez/Sanchez.htm#:~:text=7.3.2%20The%20Influence%20of,jail%5D%20is%20a%20big%20deal">https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~tsanchez/Sanchez.htm#:~:text=7.3.2%20The%20Influence%20of,jail%5D%20is%20a%20big%20deal</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022074220/https://ttfilmfestival.com/news/ttff-news-and-features/films-in-focus-abo-so-and-red-white-and-black-a-sports-odyssey">"films in focus: abo so and red, white and black: a sports odyssey"</a>. Trinidad and Tobago Film Festival. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ttfilmfestival.com/news/ttff-news-and-features/films-in-focus-abo-so-and-red-white-and-black-a-sports-odyssey">the original</a> on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOrtega_Fernándezc._2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Ortega Fernández, José G. (c. 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diocesewillemstad.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/RITUAL-DJE-SELEBRASHONNAN-DI-A%C3%91A-DI-MISERIKORDIA.pdf">Ritual di selebrashonnan liturgiko pa e aña di miserikordia</a> (PDF) (in Papiamento). Komishon Liturgiko Diosesano di Obispado di Willemstad.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDewulf2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dewulf, Jeroen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utexaspressjournals.org/doi/10.7560/SLAPC3605">"From Papiamentu to Afro-Catholic Brotherhoods: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Iberian Elements in Curaçaoan Popular Culture"</a>. Studies in Latin American Popular Culture. 36: 69–94. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7560%2FSLAPC3605">10.7560/SLAPC3605</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0730-9139">0730-9139</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Bart (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/655950">"Papiamentu: A Diachronic Analysis of Its Core Morphology"</a>. Pharisis: 59–82 – via Academia.edu.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2009a" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Bart (2009a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/621021">"The Upper Guinea origins of Papiamentu: Linguistic and historical evidence"</a>. Diachronica. 26 (3): 319–379. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.26.3.02jac">10.1075/dia.26.3.02jac</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10961%2F207">10961/207</a> – via Academia.edu.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2009b" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Bart (2009b). "The Origins of Old Portuguese Features in Papiamento.". In Faraclas, Nicholas; Severing, Ronald; Weijer, Christa; Echteld, Liesbeth (eds.). Leeward voices: Fresh perspectives on Papiamento and the literatures and cultures of the ABC Islands. Curaçao: FPI/UNA. pp. 11–38.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKookNarain1993" class="citation book cs1">Kook, Hetty; Narain, Goretti (1993). "Papiamento". In Extra, Guus; Verhoeven, Ludo (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJRiAAAAMAAJ">Community Languages in the Netherlands</a>. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger. pp. 69–91. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789026513602</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLang2000" class="citation book cs1">Lang, George (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgYSuOAkS8C&q=papiamento+is+portuguese+creole+-wikipedia+intelligibility&pg=PA91">Entwisted Tongues: Comparative Creole Literatures</a>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-420-0737-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMartinus1996" class="citation book cs1">Martinus, Efraim Frank (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UjkengEACAAJ">The Kiss of a Slave: Papiamentu's West-African Connections</a>. De Curaçaosche Courant.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMiggeLégliseBartens2010" class="citation book cs1">Migge, Bettina; Léglise, Isabelle; Bartens, Angela (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SMLb6hKv4YC&q=aruba+official+language+Papiamento&pg=PT276">Creoles in Education: An Appraisal of Current Programs and Projects</a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-272-5258-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFQuint2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quint, Nicolas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aKBkAAAAMAAJ">Le cap-verdien : origines et devenir d'une langue métisse: étude des relations de la langue cap-verdienne avec les langues africaines, créoles et portugaise</a> (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-2-7384-9774-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFvan_BuurtJoubert1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Buurt, Gerard; Joubert, Sidney M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOTiAAAACAAJ">Stemmen uit het verleden: Indiaanse woorden in het Papiamentu</a> (in Dutch). Willemstad: Van Buurt. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-99904-0-145-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, J. C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited/Longman. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2012" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Bart (29 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26_mBQAAQBAJ">Origins of a Creole: The History of Papiamentu and Its African Ties</a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-61451-107-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFouse2002" class="citation book cs1">Fouse, Gary C. (2002). The Story of Papiamentu: A Study in Slavery and Language. New York: University Press of America.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHolm1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Holm, John H. (1989). Pidgins and Creoles. Vol. 1: Theory and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJoubertPerl2007" class="citation journal cs1">Joubert, Sidney; Perl, Matthias (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Portuguese+language+on+Curacao+and+its+role+in+the+formation+of...-a0179033475">"The Portuguese Language on Curaçao and Its Role in the Formation of Papiamentu"</a>. Journal of Caribbean Literatures. 5 (1): 43–60. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40986317">40986317</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2000" class="citation book cs1">McWhorter, John H. (2000). The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEckkrammer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Eckkrammer, Eva (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Papiamentu%2c+cultural+resistance%2c+and+socio-cultural+challenges%3a+the...-a0179033477">"Papiamentu, Cultural Resistance, and Socio-Cultural Challenges: The ABC Islands in a Nutshell"</a>. Journal of Caribbean Literatures. 5 (1): 73–93. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40986319">40986319</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMansur1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jossy_Mansur" title="Jossy Mansur">Mansur, Jossy</a> (1991). Dictionary English-Papiamento Papiamento-English (Edicionnan Clasico Diario ed.). Oranjestad.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li>

<li>Ratzlaff, Betty (2008). "Papiamento-Ingles, Dikshonario Bilingual". TWR Jong Bonaire.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJoubert1991" class="citation book cs1">Joubert, Sidney M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQAbAAAACAAJ">Dikshonario Papiamentu - hulandes: Handwoordenboek Papiaments - Nederlands</a>. Joubert. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-99904-907-2-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPutteVan_Putte-De_Windt2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Putte, Florimon van; Van Putte-De Windt, Igma (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxX6zwEACAAJ">Groot woordenboek Nederlands-Papiaments</a> (in Dutch). Walburg Pers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-94-6249-500-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKramer2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kramer, Johannes (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFtmrgEACAAJ">Etymologische Studien zum Papiamento</a> (in German). Hamburg: Buske Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-87548-726-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFN._N.1876" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">N. N. (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guiaparalosespa00ngoog">GUIA para los españoles hablar papiamento y viceversa: Para que los de ...</a> (in Spanish). Harvard University. Impr. del Comercio.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMarugg1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Tip_Marugg" title="Tip Marugg">Marugg, Tip</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kbMmHQAACAAJ">Un prinsipio pa un dikshonario erótiko papiamentu</a>. Curaçao: Scherpenheuvel. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-99904-907-4-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palabra.papiamentu.info/">Banko di Palabra – basic dictionary, based on the Unesco sponsored Papiamento spell checker</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majstro.com/Web/Majstro/dict.php?bronTaal=eng&doelTaal=pap&gebrTaal=eng">Majstro English-Papiamento dictionary</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.glosbe.com/en/pap/">Glosbe English-Papiamento dictionary</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3></div>

<ul><li>Goilo, Enrique R. (2000). "Papiamentu Textbook". De Wit Stores, Oranjestad.</li>

<li>Blankenburg, Eleanor (1986). "Basic Papiamentu Grammar for English Speakers". Blankenburg Edition, Bonaire.</li>

<li>Frans-Muller, Xiomara (2017). "Papia Papiamentu ku mi". Expert book, Bonaire.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox">

<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw external" title="pap:"> Papiamento edition</a> of <a href="Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Papiamento_creole" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Papiamento creole">Papiamento creole</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papiamento.aw/pages/">Papiamento.aw, the Papiamento-language website of the Aruba government (in Papiamento)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416022110/https://papiamento.aw/pages/">Archived</a> 16 April 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papiamento.aw/pages/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/p.aw_PDF_regla_Gramatica.pdf">Aruba Papiamento language grammar (in Papiamento)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305092309/https://papiamento.aw/pages/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/p.aw_PDF_regla_Gramatica.pdf">Archived</a> 5 March 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papiamento.aw/pages/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/150520_papiamento-ortografia-version-april-2009.pdf">Aruba Papiamento spelling and orthography rules (in Papiamento)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225040210/https://papiamento.aw/pages/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/150520_papiamento-ortografia-version-april-2009.pdf">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papiamento.aw/pages/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Paw_2009_Vocabulario_di_Papiamento.pdf">Aruba Papiamento official wordlist (in Papiamento)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224082653/https://papiamento.aw/pages/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Paw_2009_Vocabulario_di_Papiamento.pdf">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpi.cw/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/140339-BW-Buki-di-oro40971.pdf">Curaçao and Bonaire Papiamentu official wordlist and orthography (in Papiamentu)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308221242/https://fpi.cw/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/140339-BW-Buki-di-oro40971.pdf">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728015730/http://www.sorosoro.org/en/papiamentu-3">Sorosoro, information on Papiamento</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diario.aw/">Diario, newspaper in Papiamento</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nostisia.com/">Nostisia, newspaper in Papiamento</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bible.com/nl/versions/816-bpkd13-beibel-na-papiamentu-koriente-2013">Bible fragments in Papiamento</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papiamentu-tur-dia.blogspot.com/">Papiamentu tur dia – A blog for English-speaking students of Papiamento</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/world/americas/05curacao.html">"A Language Thrives in Its Caribbean Home"</a> – Article by Simon Romero in <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Netherlands75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Languages_of_the_Netherlands75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (national)</li>

<li><a href="English_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li>

<li><a href="Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li>

<li><a href="Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch Sign Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese-based_creole_languages184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Portuguese-based_creole_languages184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper Guinea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a></li>

<li><a href="Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gulf of Guinea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angolar_Creole" title="Angolar Creole">Angolar</a></li>

<li><a href="Annobonese_Creole" title="Annobonese Creole">Annobonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Forro_Creole" title="Forro Creole">Forro</a></li>

<li><a href="Principense_Creole" title="Principense Creole">Principense</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indo-Portuguese_creoles" title="Indo-Portuguese creoles">Indo-Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengali_Portuguese_Creole" title="Bengali Portuguese Creole">Bengali Portuguese</a> (extinct)</li>

<li><a href="Cannanore_Indo-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannanore Indo-Portuguese">Cannanore Indo-Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Cochin_Indo-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Indo-Portuguese">Cochin Indo-Portuguese</a> (extinct)</li>

<li><a href="Daman_and_Diu_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Portuguese">Daman and Diu Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Korlai_Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Korlai Portuguese creole">Korlai Indo-Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Lankan_Portuguese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole">Sri Lankan Portuguese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bidau_Creole_Portuguese" title="Bidau Creole Portuguese">Bidau Portuguese</a> (extinct)</li>

<li>Flores Portuguese (extinct)</li>

<li><a href="Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Papiá Kristang</a></li>

<li><a href="Mardijker_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardijker language">Mardijker</a> or Papiá Tugu (extinct)</li>

<li><a href="Portugis_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugis language">Portugis</a> (extinct)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creoles with strong Portuguese lexical influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> (<a href="Judaeo-Papiamento" title="Judaeo-Papiamento">Judaeo-Papiamento</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Saramaccan_language" title="Saramaccan language">Saramaccan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_varieties_of_Spanish_by_continent242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dialects_and_varieties_of_Spanish_by_continent242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a> of <a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Africa and Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li>

<li><a href="Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Americas (<a href="Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Interamerican</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican</a></li>

<li><a href="Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinidadian_Spanish" title="Trinidadian Spanish">Trinidadian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean</a></li>

<li><a href="Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican</a></li>

<li><a href="Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pachuco#Costa_Rica" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló (Chicano)</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian</a></li>

<li><a href="Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="Spanish_language_in_South_America" title="Spanish language in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li>

<li><a href="Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a>

<ul><li>Chiloé Archipelago</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cordob%C3%A9s_Spanish" title="Cordobés Spanish">Cordobés</a>

<ul><li>Central Argentina</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cuyo_Spanish" title="Cuyo Spanish">Cuyano</a>

<ul><li>Central western Argentina</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian</a></li>

<li><a href="Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial</a>

<ul><li>Coastal Ecuador</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a>

<ul><li>Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a>

<ul><li>Zulia State</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Paisa_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisa Region">Paisa</a>

<ul><li>Paisa Region</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Colombian_Spanish#Pastuso_dialect" title="Colombian Spanish">Pastuso</a>

<ul><li>Colombia-Ecuador border</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a></li>

<li><a href="Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Ribereño</a>

<ul><li>Coastal Peru</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a>

<ul><li>Coastal Argentina</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Europe (<a href="Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li>

<li><a href="Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a> (Galicia)</li>

<li><a href="Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a> (Extremadura)</li>

<li><a href="Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">spoken by Catalan speakers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li>

<li><a href="Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (<a href="Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li>

<li><a href="Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a> (creole)</li>

<li><a href="Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> (creole)</li>

<li><a href="Media_Lengua" title="Media Lengua">Media Lengua</a> (mixed language)</li>

<li> (Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a> and <a href="Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a>

<ul><li>Coastal Argentina, Uruguay</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Malesp%C3%ADn" title="Malespín">Malespín</a>

<ul><li>Central America</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bozal_Spanish" title="Bozal Spanish">Bozal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33856#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1007" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33856#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1007" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097670">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph432988&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX545621">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987012431002105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/41759884-a19a-44d9-8229-4c90a8b8803f">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Papiamento&oldid=1303776590">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>